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In June 1965, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson successfully persuaded both countries to end hostilities and set up a tribunal to resolve the dispute. Pakistan launched Operation Desert Hawk and captured few Indian post near the Kanjarkot fort border area. Initially involving border police from both nations, the disputed area soon witnessed intermittent skirmishes between the countries' armed forces. Pakistani patrols began patrolling in territory controlled by India in January 1965, which was followed by attacks by both countries on each other's posts on 8 April 1965. The issue first arose in 1956 which ended with India regaining control over the disputed area. Although the Kashmir conflict was the predominant issue dividing the nations, other border disputes existed, most notably over the Rann of Kutch, a barren region in the Indian state of Gujarat. Since the Partition of British India in 1947, Pakistan and India remained in contention over several issues. and Britain since the end of the Cold War, the conflict generated a deep distrust of both countries within the subcontinent which to an extent lingers to this day. In spite of improved relations with the U.S. The perceived negative stance of the western powers during the conflict, and during the 1971 war, has continued to affect relations between the West and the subcontinent. As a consequence, India and Pakistan openly developed closer relationships with the Soviet Union and China, respectively. During and after the conflict, both India and Pakistan felt betrayed by the perceived lack of support by the western powers for their respective positions those feelings of betrayal were increased with the imposition of an American and British embargo on military aid to the opposing sides. Before the war, the United States and the United Kingdom had been major material allies of both India and Pakistan, as their primary suppliers of military hardware and foreign developmental aid.

Internationally, the war was viewed in the context of the greater Cold War, and resulted in a significant geopolitical shift in the subcontinent. Although the two countries fought to a standoff, the conflict is seen as a strategic and political defeat for Pakistan, as it had neither succeeded in fomenting insurrection in Kashmir nor had it been able to gain meaningful support at an international level. India had the upper hand over Pakistan when the ceasefire was declared. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan. Hostilities between the two countries ended after a ceasefire was declared through UNSC Resolution 211 following a diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. It became the immediate cause of the war. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 or the Second Kashmir War was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. Over 1,840 km 2 (710 mi 2) of territory lost (in Sindh, Lahore, Sialkot, and Kashmir sectors).

35 –59 aircraft lost In addition, Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down.540 km 2 (210 mi 2) of territory lost (primarily in Kashmir).9 Infantry divisions (4 under-strength).No permanent territorial changes (see Tashkent Declaration)Įffective strength on the West Pakistan Border.Line of Control, Working Boundary, Radcliffe Line, Sir Creek, and Zero-Point.

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